Calcium Chloride
General:
| IUPAC name |
calcium chloride |
| Other names |
calcium(II) chloride,
calcium dichloride,
E509 |
|
Identifiers |
| CAS number |
[10043-52-4] |
| RTECS number |
EV9800000, Anhydrous |
|
Properties |
| Molecular formula |
CaCl2
CaCl2.2H2O Dihydrate
CaCl2.4H2O Tetra hydrate
CaCl2.6H2O Hexahydrate |
| Molar mass |
110.99 g/mol, anhydrous
147.02 g/mol, Di hydrate
183.04 g/mol, tetra hydrate
219.08 g/mol, hexahydrate |
| Appearance |
white or colorless solid |
| Density |
2.15 g/cm³, anhydrous
0.835 g/cm³, Dihydrate
1.71 g/cm³, hexahydrate |
| Melting point |
772 °C (anhydrous) |
| Boiling point |
>1600 °C |
| Solubility in water |
74.5 g/100 ml (20 °C) |
|
Structure |
| Crystal structure |
deformed retile |
Coordination
geometry |
octahedral, 6-coordinate |
|
Hazards |
| MSDS |
External MSDS |
| EURO classification |
Irritant (Xi) |
| NAPA 704 |
|
| R-phrases |
R36 |
| S-phrases |
(S2),
S22,
S24 |
Calcium chloride is an
ionic
compound of
calcium
and
chlorine.
It is highly
soluble
in water and it is
deliquescent.
It is a
salt
that is
solid
at
room
temperature, and it behaves as a typical
ionic
halide.
It has several common applications such as
brine
for refrigeration plants,
ice
and dust control on roads, and in
cement.
It can be produced directly from
limestone,
but large amounts are also produced as a by-product of the
Solvay
process. Because of its
hygroscopic
nature, it must be kept in tightly-sealed containers.
Natural occurrence
Natural occurrence of a dihydrate (mineral sinjarite) and
hexahydrate (antarcticite) is very rare and connected mainly
with dry lakes and brines. Chlorocalcite KCaCl3 is a
related mineral (also very rare).
Chemical properties
Calcium chloride can serve as a source of
calcium
ions
in
solution,
for instance for
precipitation because many calcium
compounds
are
insoluble:
3 CaCl2(aq)
+ 2 K3PO4(aq)
→ Ca3(PO4)2(s)
+ 6 KCl(aq)
Molten CaCl2 can be
electrolyzed
to give calcium metal:
CaCl2(l)
→ Ca(s)
+ Cl2(g)
Uses (Industrial)
Millions of
tons
of calcium chloride are made each year across the globe, and it has a wide
variety of industrial applications.
Because it is strongly
hygroscopic,
air
or other gases may be channeled through a column of the material to remove
moisture. In particular, it is usually used to pack
drying tubes
to exclude atmospheric moisture from a reaction set-up while allowing gases to
escape. It can also be added to liquids to remove suspended or dissolved water.
The dissolving process is highly
exothermic
and rapidly produces temperatures of around 60 °C
(140 °F).
In this capacity, it is known as a drying agent or
desiccant.
It is converted to a
brine
as it absorbs the
water
or water
vapor from the substance to be dried:
CaCl2
+ 2 H2O → CaCl2·2H2O
Aided by the intense heat evolved during its
dissolution, it is also used as an
ice-melting
compound. Unlike the more-common
sodium
chloride (rock salt or
halite),
it is relatively harmless to plants and soil; however, recent observations in
Washington state suggest it may be particularly harsh on roadside evergreen
trees. It is also more effective at lower temperatures than sodium chloride.
When distributed for this use, it usually takes the form of small white balls a
few millimeters in diameter, called
prills.
Used for its
hygroscopic
property, it can be applied to keep a liquid layer on the surface of the
roadway, which holds dust down. It is used in concrete mixes to help speed up
the initial setting, however chloride ion leads to corrosion of steel
rebar,
so it should not be used in
reinforced
concrete.
Aqueous product (in solution with
water) lowers the freezing point as low as -52°C (-62°F), making it ideal for
filling agricultural implement tires as a liquid ballast, aiding traction in
cold climates.
Other industrial applications include use as
an additive in plastics, as a drainage aid for wastewater treatment, as an
additive in fire extinguishers, as an additive in control scaffolding in
blast
furnaces, and as a thinner in
fabric
softener.
Calcium chloride is also used to melt ice. Because one of its
chief uses is as a drying and dehydrating agent, it is used by many
municipalities in de-icing roadways.
It is also used for dust control application too.
It's is sprinkled on dusty sideways. Due to it's moisture retaining properties,
calcium chloride helps in control of dust.
Farmers were the first ones to figure out that if you add weight to
a tractor, you get better traction. This was the genesis of the
benefits of this item in tire traction. You have calcium
chloride to thank for those tires with good traction. It is used in the automotive industry to obtain better
traction.
Other listed uses of material are:
Calcium Chloride helps to set paper dyes by providing artificial
water hardness.
It is
used in the Portland cement manufacturing as an additive to reduce
alkali content of cement.
It is
used in the plastics industry like PVC-bending etc.
It
is
used in concrete additive to accelerate its hydration at low
temperatures, to give the concrete durability and strength, to
accelerate its setting.
It
is used together with Zinc Chloride in electroplating of bright zinc
on steel as the electrolyte. It may be used in electroplating of
other metals too.
It is
used in the petroleum industry is drying petroleum fractions like
diesel, kerosene and other hydrocarbon fractions.
It is
used as catalyst in organic technology, for polymerization of
ethylene and propylene, for oxichlorination of ethane to vinyl
chloride, for dehydration of alcohols.
It is used as base
stabilization for road construction.
It is used for freeze-proofing
sand for winter road application.
It is used for
removal of phosphates and fluorides
in effluent treatment plants.
Calcium
Chloride
is used for
mines and oil well drilling
or drilling
muds & chemicals.
It is used
as a
supplement or for calcium deficiency
in animals.
It is used in
agriculture it is for
improving the product quality like
tomato skin.
It
is
a compound of
significant interest
to many marine
aquarists. Besides
its potential use in
formulating
artificial salt
mixes, it is also
useful in directly
supplementing
calcium to aquaria.
....and ......
Uses (food)
As an ingredient, it is listed as a permitted food additive
in the European Union for use as a
sequestrant
and firming
agent with the
E number
E509. The anhydrous form has been approved by the FDA as a packaging aid to
ensure dryness (CPG 7117.02).
Calcium chloride is commonly used as an
Electrolyte
and has an extremely
salty
taste, as found in sports drinks and other beverages such as
Smartwater
and Nestle
bottled water. It can also be used as a preservative to maintain firmness in
canned vegetables or in higher concentrations in
pickles
to give a salty taste while not increasing the food's
sodium
content. It is even found in snack foods, including
Cadbury
Caramilk chocolate bars (purpose unknown).
It can be used to make a
caviar
substitute from vegetable or fruit juices or added to processed milk to restore
the natural balance between calcium and protein for the purposes of making
cheese such as
brie
and stilton.
Its's exothermic properties are exploited in many 'self heating'
food products where it is activated (mixed) with water to start the heating
process, providing a non-explosive, dry fuel that is easily activated.
It prevents spoilage of food and is popularly
used as a preservative in packed foods. It also helps to keep the food healthy
and fresh for a longer duration. As pasteurized milk greatly diminishes calcium
content, calcium chloride is added in small amounts to aid coagulation and form
quality curd. It is also an important cheese making additive. The
water solution of calcium chloride is used in refrigerators. The solution is an
essential cooling agent for making ice.
It helps in lowering the freezing or melting
point of water. It melts ice faster than any other chemical
compound and that is why in extremely cold conditions, the highway department
applies it in a powder form on the roads and sidewalks. It is also widely used
as an additive in the paper making industry and in the manufacturing of dyes.
It is also often used as a dehydrating agent in the petrochemical
industry, due to its ability to deprive a chemical compound of its water
content.
In brewing beers (esp. ales and bitters),
calcium chloride is sometimes used to correct mineral deficiencies in the
brewing water (calcium is important for enzyme function during the mash, for
kettle protein coagulation (the "hot break") and yeast metabolism) and adds
permanent hardness to the water. The chloride ions enhance flavour and give a
perception of sweetness and fuller flavour, whereas the sulfate ions in
Gypsum,
which is also used to add calcium ions to brewing water, tend to impart a drier,
crisper flavour with more bitterness.
Calcium Chloride is also used in making
cheese. It improves curd size and texture when using store bought milk. One
teaspoon of 30% solution will treat 2 gallons of milk. To compensate for the
processing of store bought milk, add calcium chloride prior to adding rennet to
the cheese mixture. The addition of calcium chloride will help restore the
altered milk protein and aid in the development of a quality curd.
It is strongly
hygroscopic. A layer of calcium chloride is applied on roads and in mines to
minimize dust problems. It is often added to concrete mixes as it
has been proved that concrete containing it hardens rapidly, thus reducing the
time of setting. Calcium Chloride provides greater concrete strength. Unlike
other chemical compounds, it does not damage the concrete. It is
exothermic. When added in liquids to remove dissolved water, a huge amount of
heat is released and the temperature rises. This property is often used to start
the heating process required for industrial purposes.
Agriculture Uses: A number of studies show crop responses to foliar calcium,
but these are not necessarily based on experiments with the chloride form. For
example, a spray that contained calcium oxide increased yields and average fruit
size of tomatoes. In agriculture, calcium chloride has been used to manage about
35 different physiological
disorders of plants. Annual sprays of calcium chloride increased yields of Anjou
pears and decreased incidence of alfalfa greening and cork spot. Late season
sprays of calcium chloride reduced cork spot and increased yields of pears. Four
sprays in a season on Bartlett pears increased yields and reduced incidence of
black end by 25-68%. Bitter pit of apples was slightly reduced by sprays, but
considerably reduced by a 30-40 second dip of 1-4% calcium chloride. Sprays of
developing fruit on fig trees reduced the susceptibility to fruit cracking.
It reduced physiological disorders of lettuce when sprayed once or
twice a week before head formation.
Other listed uses
are:
Pickles - Placing fresh cucumbers in a tank containing a solution of .5% calcium
chloride and 7.0% sodium chloride reduces softening during fermentation.
Apples - Immersing apples in a 3.0 - 8.0% calcium chloride solution reduces cork
spotting and bitter-pit problems.
Cherries - Brining sweet cherries in a 2.5 - 4.0% solution of calcium chloride
preserves their firmness.
Olives - Brining Black Ripe and Greek olives in a solution containing 0.5 - 1.0%
calcium chloride maintains their firmness.
Fruits and Vegetables: it is used in to increase the firmness of fruits and
vegetables, preventing breakup in processing and cooking.
Cheese Manufacturing: it is used to increase the size and strength of the curds.
Beverage Manufacturing: The bottling industry uses it to remove sodium
alkalinity from water used in soft drink and beer formulation. Water is then
remineralized to desired levels assuring uniform taste regardless of processing
location.
Novelty Ice Cream: Calcium chloride is also used as a refrigerant in molds used
to manufacture novelty ice cream and frozen dessert products.
It is also used as a meat tenderizer and a flavor enhancer.
Uses (biological/medical)
Calcium chloride can be injected as
intravenous
therapy for the treatment of
hypocalcaemia (low serum calcium). It can be used for: insect bites or
stings (such as Black Widow Spider bites); sensitivity reactions, particularly
when characterized by
urticaria
(hives); magnesium intoxication; as an aid in management of the acute symptoms
in lead colic; in cardiac resuscitation, particularly after open heart surgery.
Parenteral
calcium can be used when
epinephrine
has failed to improve weak or ineffective
myocardial
contractions. The injection may antagonize cardiac toxicity as
measured by electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG).
It can help rapidly lower dangerously-high
levels of serum
potassium
in hyperkalemia. Calcium chloride can be used to quickly treat Calcium
Channel Blocker toxicity, from the side effects of drugs such as Diltiazem (Cardizem)
- helping avoid potential heart attacks.
The aqueous form of calcium chloride is used
in genetic transformation of cells by increasing the cell membrane permeability,
inducing competence for DNA uptake (allowing DNA fragments to enter the cell more
readily).
It can also be used in the
reef
aquarium hobby for adding bio-available calcium in solution for
calcium-using animals such as
algae,
snails,
hard tube
worms, and
Corals
although the use of
calcium
hydroxide (kalkwasser mix) or a
calcium
reactor is the preferred method of adding calcium. However, calcium
chloride is the quickest method to increase calcium levels as it dissolves
readily in water.
General Precautions
Calcium chloride is an irritant, particularly on moist skin.
Dry calcium chloride reacts exothermically when exposed to water. Burns can
result in the mouth and esophagus if humans or other animals ingest dry calcium
chloride. Small children are more susceptible than adults (who generally have
had experience trying to eat hot food, and can react accordingly) so calcium
chloride should be kept out of their reach.
CALCIUM CHLORIDE MSDS
1. Product Identification
Synonyms: Calcium Dichloride Calcium Di
Chloride
CAS No.: 10043-52-4
Molecular Weight: 110.98
Chemical Formula: CaCl2
2. Composition/Information on Ingredients
Ingredient CAS No Percent Hazardous
--------------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ---------
Calcium Chloride 10043-52-4 93 - 100% Yes
3. Hazards Identification
Emergency Overview
--------------------------
WARNING! CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. HARMFUL
IF SWALLOWED OR INHALED.
Health Rating: 1 - Slight
Flammability Rating: 0 - None
Reactivity Rating: 2 - Moderate
Contact Rating: 3 - Severe
Lab Protective Equip: GOGGLES; LAB COAT
Storage Color Code: Green (General Storage)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Potential Health Effects
----------------------------------
Inhalation:
Granular material does not pose a significant inhalation
hazard, but inhalation of dust may cause irritation to the respiratory
tract, with symptoms of coughing and shortness of breath.
Ingestion:
It is low toxicity material but ingestion may cause serious
irritation of the mucous membrane due to heat of hydrolysis. Large amounts
can cause gastrointestinal upset, vomiting, abdominal pain.
Skin Contact:
Solid may cause mild irritation on dry skin; strong
solutions or solid in contact with moist skin may cause severe irritation,
even burns.
Eye Contact:
It's hazard may be either mechanical abrasion or, more serious,
burns from heat of hydrolysis and chloride irritation.
Chronic Exposure:
No information found.
Aggravation of Pre-existing Conditions:
No information found.
4. First Aid Measures
Inhalation:
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If
breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention.
Ingestion:
Induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel. Never give
anything by mouth to an unconscious person. Get medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Wipe off excess material from skin then immediately flush skin with plenty
of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Get medical attention. Wash clothing before reuse. Thoroughly clean shoes
before reuse.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting
lower and upper eyelids occasionally. Get medical attention immediately.
Note to Physician:
Oral ingestion may cause serum acidosis.
5. Fire Fighting Measures
Fire:
Calcium chloride is not considered to be a fire hazard.
Explosion:
It is not considered to be an explosion hazard.
Fire Extinguishing Media:
Use any means suitable for extinguishing surrounding fire.
Special Information:
In the event of a fire, wear full protective clothing and NIOSH-approved
self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in the
pressure demand or other positive pressure mode. At high temperatures or
when moistened under fire conditions, it may produce toxic or
irritating fumes.
6. Accidental Release Measures
Ventilate area of leak or spill. Wear appropriate
personal protective equipment as specified in Section 8. Spills: Sweep up
and containerize for reclamation or disposal. Vacuuming or wet sweeping may
be used to avoid dust dispersal. Small amounts of residue may be flushed to sewer with plenty of water.
7. Handling and Storage
Keep
in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry,
ventilated area. Protect against physical damage. Moist CaCl2 and
concentrated solutions can corrode steel. When exposed to the atmosphere,
it will absorb water and form a solution. Containers may be hazardous when empty since they retain product
residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautions listed for the
product.
8. Exposure Controls/Personal Protection
Airborne Exposure Limits: None established.
Ventilation System: A system of local and/or general exhaust is
recommended to keep employee exposures as low as possible. Local exhaust
ventilation is generally preferred because it can control the emissions of
the contaminant at its source, preventing dispersion of it into the general
work area. Please refer to the ACGIH document, Industrial Ventilation, A
Manual of Recommended Practices, most recent edition, for details.
Personal Respirators (NIOSH Approved): For conditions of use where
exposure to dust or mist is apparent and engineering controls are not
feasible, a particulate respirator (NIOSH type N95 or better filters) may be
worn. If oil particles (e.g. lubricants, cutting fluids, glycerine, etc.)
are present, use a NIOSH type R or P filter. For emergencies or instances
where the exposure levels are not known, use a full-face positive-pressure,
air-supplied respirator. WARNING: Air-purifying respirators do not protect
workers in oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
Skin Protection: Wear protective gloves and clean body-covering
clothing.
Eye Protection: Use chemical safety goggles and/or full face shield
where dusting or splashing of solutions is possible. Maintain eye wash
fountain and quick-drench facilities in work area.
Other Control Measures: Maintain good housekeeping in work area. Dust
deposits on floors and other surfaces may pick up moisture and cause the
surfaces to become slippery and present safety hazards.
9. Physical and Chemical Properties
Appearance:
White or gray-white granules.
Odor: odorless.
Solubility: It is freely soluble in water, exothermic.
Density: It has specific gravity of 2.15
pH: 8 - 9 Aqueous solution
% Volatiles by volume @ 21C (70F): 0
Boiling Point: > 1600C (> 2912F)
Melting Point: 772C (1422F)
Vapor Density (Air=1): No information found.
Vapor Pressure (mm Hg): No information found.
Evaporation Rate (BuAc=1): No information found.
10. Stability and Reactivity
Stability:
Calcium chloride is stable under ordinary conditions of use
and storage. Substance will pick up moisture from the air and go into
solution if exposed in open containers.
Hazardous Decomposition Products: It emits toxic
chlorine fumes when heated to decomposition. It may form
hydrogen chloride in presence of sulfuric or phosphoric acids or with water
at elevated temperatures.
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.
Incompatibilities: Methyl vinyl ether, water, zinc, bromine
trifluoride, mixtures of lime and boric acid, barium chloride, and 2-furan
percarboxylic acid. Metals will slowly corrode in aqueous calcium chloride
solutions. Aluminum (and alloys) and yellow brass will be attacked by
it.
Conditions to Avoid: Incompatibles.
11. Toxicological Information
Oral rat
LD50: 1000 mg/kg. Investigated as a tumorigen and mutagen.
12. Ecological Information
Environmental Fate: Based on available information, this material will not biodegrade or bioaccumulate.
Environmental Toxicity: The LC50/96-hour values for fish are over 100
mg/l.
13. Disposal Considerations
Whatever
cannot be saved for recovery or recycling should be managed in an
appropriate and approved waste disposal facility. Processing, use or
contamination of this product may change the waste management options. State
and local disposal regulations may differ from federal disposal regulations.
Dispose of container and unused contents in accordance
with federal, state and local requirements.
14. Transport Information
Not
regulated.
15. Regulatory Information
Chemical Weapons Convention: No TSCA 12(b): No CDTA: No
SARA 311/312: Acute: Yes Chronic: No Fire: No Pressure: No
Reactivity: No (Pure / Solid)
Australian Hazchem Code: None allocated.
Poison Schedule: None allocated.
WHMIS: This MSDS has been prepared according to the hazard criteria
of the Controlled Products Regulations (CPR) and the MSDS contains all of
the information required by the CPR.
16. Other Information
NAPA
Ratings: Health: 1 Flammability: 0 Reactivity: 1
Label Hazard Warning:
WARNING! CAUSES IRRITATION TO SKIN, EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT. HARMFUL IF
SWALLOWED OR INHALED.
Label Precautions:
Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing.
Wash thoroughly after handling.
Avoid breathing dust.
Keep container closed.
Use only with adequate ventilation.
Label First Aid:
If swallowed, induce vomiting immediately as directed by medical personnel.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. In case of contact,
wipe off excess material from skin then immediately flush eyes or skin with
plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated clothing and
shoes. Wash clothing before reuse. If inhaled, remove to fresh air. If not
breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give
oxygen. In all cases, get medical attention.
Disclaimer:
************************************************************************************************
Our company provides this Calcium chloride MSDS information contained herein in good
faith but makes no representation as to its comprehensiveness or
accuracy. This MSDS document is intended only as a guide to the
appropriate precautionary handling of the material by a properly trained
person using this product. Individuals receiving the information must
exercise their independent judgment in determining its appropriateness
for a particular purpose.
************************************************************************************************
Calcium Chloride manufacturer at:
MUBY CHEMICALS
S-8, SARIFA MANSION, 2ND FLANK ROAD, CHINCHBUNDER, MUMBAI
400009, INDIA.
TELEPHONE: 91-22- 23770100, 23774610, 23726950, 23723564. FAX:
91-22-23728264.
e-mail:
info@mubychem.com
Cell
Call to Anmol: +91-9821870100 or Ambrish: +91-9821570100
Copyright
and Usual
Disclaimer
is Applicable.
Last
updated: 11 May, 2010.
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